The temperature originates only from the kinetic energy, from the gas molecules in the atmosphere.

Author; Rogelio Pérez C

Summary;

Temperature is defined by physics, as a measure of the average speed at which atoms and molecules move in systems. This work will therefore explain the temperature, pressure, kinetic energy and the speed at which molecules move in gases known as the atmospheres on three planets of the solar system, based on the kinetic theory of gases, I will show through the mathematical formulas of kinetic energy, that temperature, and pressure is proportional to the average energy of gas molecules in the atmospheres on planets, earth, Venus and mars. That's why it's false that the heat on the planet correlates with as few molecules in the atmosphere, like CO2, which are only 0.04% of the total molecules in it. Therefore, the explanation of global warming must consider kinetic energy, in order to understand how heat affects, not only on planet earth, but on every planet in the solar system.

Introduction

Rising temperatures on the planet are being the global problem on which countries are spending enormous resources, some have begun to give voices of panic, about the consequences that the planet can raise the temperature in such a way that it is impossible to live on it. To know the possibility of catastrophic events due to the increase in temperature of the atmosphere, we need to know what says the science of gases, about the temperature of the main gas that surrounds planets called atmospheres. Climate science teaches us based on a theory of more than 100 years, that temperature on the planet is caused by the accumulation of heat, which certain gases known as GHG do in the atmosphere, but there is an older science that explains the temperature of gases, which has been ignored to explain the temperature in the atmospheres of the planets, so based on this I will explain how temperature and pressure originate in gases.

Theory statement and definitions

The greenhouse effect theory

The greenhouse effect is a process in which thermal radiation emitted by the planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs) and radiated in all directions. As part of this radiation is returned to the Earth's surface and lower atmosphere.1

Kinetic of gases theory

The kinetic of gases theory is a physical and chemical theory that explains the macroscopic behavior and properties of gases (the law of ideal gases), based on a statistical description of microscopic molecular processes. The kinetic theory was developed based on studies by physicists such as Daniel Bernoulli in the 18th century, Ludwig Boltzmann and James Clerk Maxwell in the late 19th century.2

Charles law for gases, for any gas, the ratio between temperature and volume is directly proportional, if the quantity of gas and pressure remain constant.

Mathematically we can express it like this:

Where;

V is the volume

T is the absolute temperature (i.e measured in kelvin).

k is the constant of proportionality.3

Heat, q, is thermal energy transferred from a hotter system to a cooler system that are in contact. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules in the system. The zeroth law of thermodynamics says that no heat is transferred between two objects in thermal equilibrium; therefore, they are the same temperature.4

Heat, is thermal energy transferred from a hotter system to a cooler system that are in contact.

We can calculate the heat released or absorbed using the specific heat capacity C, the mass of the substance, m, and the change in temperature, ΔT in the equation: q=m×C×ΔT

Heat and temperature are two different but closely related concepts. Note that they have different units: temperature typically has units of degrees Celsius (degrees °C,) or Kelvin (K), and heat has units of energy, Joules (J).

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules in the system. The water molecules in a cup of hot coffee have a higher average kinetic energy than the water molecules in a cup of iced tea, which also means they are moving at a higher velocity.5

Temperature is also an intensive property, which means that the temperature doesn't change no matter how much of a substance you have (as long as it is all at the same temperature!). This is why chemists can use the melting point to help identify a pure substance—minus the temperature at which it melts is a property of the substance with no dependence on the mass of a sample.

The equipartition theorem relates the temperature of a system to its average energies. It makes quantitative predictions, provides the total kinetic and potential energies for a system at a given temperature, from which the heat capacity of the system can be calculated. However, the equipartition also provides the average values of individual energy components, such as the kinetic energy of a particular particle or the potential energy of a single spring. For example, it predicts that each atom in an ideal monoatomic gas has an average kinetic energy of (3/2) k B T in thermal equilibrium, where k B is Boltzmann's constant and Te the temperature (thermodynamics).6

Thermal motion of an α-helical peptide. The jittery motion is random and complex and the energy of any particular atom can fluctuate wildly. Nevertheless, the equipartition theorem allows the average kinetic energy of each atom to be computed, as well as the average potential energies of many vibrational modes. The grey, red and blue spheres represent atoms of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, respectively; the smaller white spheres represent atoms of hydrogen.7

The mole (symbol: mole) is the unit with which the amount of substance is measured, one of the seven fundamental physical magnitudes of the International System of Units.

In any substance (chemical element or compound) and considering at the same time a certain type of elemental entities that make up it, the mole, mole symbol, is the SI unit of quantity of substance. A mole contains exactly 6,022 140 76 × 10–23 elemental entities.8

Kinetic energy is the energy of a moving body. Kinetic energy is defined as the work to be done by the force it exerts on the resting body to accelerate it.9

Applying Newton's mechanics concludes, for the three dimensions of the movement, that the P pressure is related to the average velocity of the squared atoms, (v2)pr, and to the volume, V, and mass of the gas molecule, m, according to the expression. , P = m· (v2)pr / 3V

A derivative of macroscopic experimental data, P. V 'k' T and another derivative of Newton's laws applied to our simple model, P = m· (v2)pr / 3V. If both describe the same reality, Then it should happen that k · T = m · (v2)pr / 3. It follows that the temperature, T = 2/(3k) · m ·(v2)pr /2, i.e. the temperature of a gas is proportional to the average kinetic energy of its molecules.10

V = nRT/P = (1mol)(0,0821 L atm /mol K)(273 K)/1 atm=22,4L11

“If you can measure what you are talking about, and if you can express it by a number, then you may think you know something; but if you can't measure it, your knowledge will be poor and unsatisfactory”

Lord Kelvin

Development

First we will find the average quadratic velocity of the molecules in a gas mole, this means that we will find the average of the squared velocity, at which the molecules move, at different temperatures.

The quadratic velocity for a mole of nitrogen gas in the Earth, we take Nitrogen because it is equivalent to 78% of all molecules in the atmosphere.

Vcm=√ (3 *R *T)/M=

Nitrogen

R= 8.31 J/mole .k

T= 15+273=288 k

M (N2) = 14.0067 + 14.0067 =28 g/mole

=0.028kg/mole

Vcm= √ (3 *8, 31 *288)/0.028=

Vcm= √ (24.93 *288)/0.028=

Vcm= √7179.8 / 0.028=506.38 m/s

Then we find the average quadratic velocity, we can find the kinetic energy that molecules originate in this gas mole. Don't forget that the temperature of any system is the measure of this average.

Kinetic energy is a form of energy, known as motion energy. The kinetic energy of an object is the energy produced by its mass-dependant movements and speed of the same. Kinetic energy is usually abbreviated by the letters "EC" or "Ek". The word kinetics is of Greek origin “kinesis” meaning “movement”.

Kinetic energy is represented by the following formula: EC or Ek=½ mv². Kinetic energy is measured in Joules (J), mass in kilograms (kg) and velocity in meters over seconds (m/s).4

The kinetic energy for a mole of nitrogen gas on Earth is;

Ec or Ek. Nitrogen:

M= 0.028kg/mole

Vcm= 506.38m/s

Ec= ½ 0.028kg/ mole (*506.38m/s) ²

Ec or Ek=3589.89 J

The kinetic energy (E) of a body with mass m = 0.028 kilograms and velocity v = 506.38 m/s equals 3589.89 J

Then since we have the kinetic energy, let us find what the temperature of each measure of kinetic energy, found in the gases.

Of the two expressions for the pressure of a gas, one derivative of macroscopic experimental data, P· V = k ·T and other derived from Newton's laws, P = m*(v2)pr / 3V. If both describe the same reality, then it should happen that k·T = m*(v2)pr / 3. It follows that the temperature, T = 2/(3K)*m*(v2)pr /2, i.e. the temperature of a gas is proportional to the average kinetic energy of its molecules.

T = 2/ (3k) · m · (v2) pr /2,

T = 2/(3R 8,31 J/mole .k) · m ·(Vcm m/s)² /2.

T=2/(24.93 J/mole .k).0028 kg/mole *506²m/s/2

T=2/(24.93 J/mole .k).0028 kg/mole *506.38²m/s /2

T=2/(24.93 J/mole .k)*0.028 kg/mole*256420.70m²/s²/2

T=0,08022462J=kg·m²/s²/mole .k*0.028kg/mole*128210.35 m²/s²

T=287,997545046876 K

Before we can find the pressure, we have to find the volume of a mole of gas, in the different atmospheres of the planets.

V = nRT/P = (1mol)(0,0821 L atm /mole K)(288 K)/1 atm= 23,6448L/mole=0.0236448m³/mole

P = m· Vcm² / 3V.

P=0.028kg/mole *506.38²M/S/3*0.0236448m³/mole

P=0.028 kg/mole*256420.70m²/s²/0.0709344m³/mole

P= 7179.7796kg/mol.m²/s²/0.0709344m³/mole

P=101.217,1175 kg m²/s²/m³= Joules/m³

Units derived from SI: 1 Pa = N/m2 = J/m³

J = kg·m²/s²

We'll look to find the variables for the planet Venus.

The quadratic velocity for a mole of carbon dioxide gas on Venus, we take carbon dioxide because it is equivalent to 96% of all molecules in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2)

R= 8.31 J/mole. k

T= 464+273=737 k

M (CO2) = 12 + 2*16 =44 g/mole

=0.044kg/mole

Vcm= √3 *8, 31 *737/0.044=

Vcm= √ (24.93 *737)/0.044=

Vcm= √18373.41 / 0.044= 646, 20 m/s

The kinetic energy for a mole of Carbon Dioxide gas on Venus is;

Carbón Dioxide (CO2)

M= 0.044kg/mole

V²= 646.20m/s

Ec= ½ 0.044kg/ mole*(646.20 m/s) ²

Ec= 9186.64 J

The kinetic energy (E) of a body with mass m = 0.044 kilograms and velocity v = 646.2 m/s equals 9186.64 J

T = 2/ (3k) · m · (v2) pr /2,

T = 2/(3R 8,31 J/mol. k) · m ·(Vcm m/s)² /2.

T=2/(24.93 J/mole. k).0044 kg/mole *646.20²m/s/2

T=2/(24.93 J/mole. k).0044 kg/mole *646.20²m/s /2

T=2(24.93 J/mole .k)*0.044 kg/mole*417574.44m²/s²

T=0,08022462J=kg·m²/s²/mole .k*0.044kg/mole*417574.44 m²/s²/2

T=736,9945992779783 K

Before we can find the pressure, we have to find the volume of a mole of gas, in the different atmospheres of the planets.

V = nRT/P = (1mol)(0,0821 L atm /mole K)(737 K)/92 atm= 0,6576923913043478L/Mole=0.0006576923m³/mole

P = m· Vcm² / 3V.

P=0.044kg/mole *646.20²M/S/3*0,00065769m³/Mole

P=0.044 kg/mole*417574.44m ²/s²/0.00197307 m³/Mole

P= 18373, 2753 kg/mole.m²/s²/0.00197307 m³/Mole

P=9.312.024,08 kg m²/s²/m³= Joules/m³

Units derived from SI: 1 Pa = N/m2 = J/m³

J = kg·m²/s²

We'll look to find the variables for the planet Mars.

The quadratic velocity for a mole of carbon dioxide gas on Mars, we take carbon dioxide because it is equivalent to 95.3% of all molecules in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

R= 8.31 J/mole. k

T= 227=227 k

M (CO2)= 12 + 2*16 =44 g/mole

=0.044kg/mole

Vcm= √3 *8, 31 *227/0.044=

Vcm= √ (24.93 *227)/0.044=

Vcm= √5659.11 / 0.044= 358, 63 m/s

The kinetic energy for a mole of Carbon Dioxide gas on Mars is;

Carbón Dioxide

M= 0.044kg/mole

V²= 358, 63 m/s

Ec= ½ 0.044kg/ mole*(358.63 m/s) ²

Ec= 2829.54 J

The kinetic energy (E) of a body with mass m = 0.044 kilograms and velocity v = 358.63 m/s equals 2829.54 J

T = 2/ (3k) · m · (v2) pr /2,

T = 2/(3R 8,31 J/mol. k) · m ·(Vcm m/s)² /2.

T=2/(24.93 J/mole. k).0044 kg/mole *358.63²m/s/2

T=2/(24.93 J/mole. k).0044 kg/mole *358.63²m/s /2

T=2(24.93 J/mole .k)*0.044 kg/mole*128615, 4769 m²/s²/2

T=0,08022462J=kg·m²/s²/mole .k*0.044kg/mole*128615,4769m²/s²/2

T=226,9988107292681 K

Before we can find the pressure, we have to find the volume of a mole of gas, in the different atmospheres of the planets.

V = nRT/P = (1mole)(0,0821 L atm /mole K)(227 K)/0.00627 atm= 2972,360446570973 L/Mole=2,97236044m³/mole

P = m· Vcm² / 3V.

P=0.044kg/mole *358.63²M/S/3*2.97236m³/Mole

P=0.044 kg/mole*128615, 4769 m²/s²/8.91708m³/Mole

P= 5659.08 kg/mole.m²/s²/8.91708 m³/Mole

P=634,633759kg m²/s²/m³= Joules/m³

Units derived from SI: 1 Pa = N/m2 = J/m³

J = kg·m²/s²

Development.2

Vcm= √ (3 *8, 31 *T)/M

3R 8,31=24,93 Temperature 3RT² mass Vcm, m/s

Earth 24,93 288 7179,84 0,028 √256422,8571 506,38

Venus 24,93 737 18373,41 0,044 √417577,5 646,2

Mars 24,93 227 5659,11 0,044 √128616,14 358,63

Then we find the average quadratic velocity, we can find the kinetic energy that molecules originate in this gas mole. Don't forget that the temperature of any system is the measure of this average.

Ec= ½ mv²

Mass k/mole Vcm Vcm² MV² 2 E,kinetic

Earth 0,028 506,38 256420,7044 7179,779723 3589,889862 3589,88

Venus 0,044 646,2 417574,44 18373,27536 9186,63768 9186,63

Mars 0,044 358,63 128615,4769 5659,080984 2829,540492 2829,54

Then since we have the kinetic energy, let us find what the temperature of each measure of kinetic energy, found in the gases.

T = 2/(3R 8,31) · m ·Vcm² /2,

3R Mole- gas Vcm² Temperature T. Wikipedia12.13.14

Earth 2 24,93 0,028 256420,7044 2 287,997k 288K (15°C)

Venus 2 24, 93 0,044 417577, 5 2 737 k 737K (464°C)

Mars 2 24, 93 0,044 128615, 4769 2 226, 99k 227K (-46°C)

Before we can find the pressure, we have to find the volume of a mole of gas, in the different atmospheres of the planets.

V = nRT/P = (1mol)(0,0821 L atm /mole K)(273 K)/1 atm=22,4L

mole R T Atm Volume L

Earth 1 0, 0821 288 1 23, 6448

Venus 1 0, 0821 737 92, 0227 0,657530153

Mars 1 0, 0821 227 0, 00627 2972,360447

Since we pull the volume of a gas mole in the different atmospheres, we can also find the pressure of these gases.

P = m· Vcm² / 3V.

GAS M, k/mole Vcm² m/s 3 Volume L Pressure P,Wikipedia

Earth N2 0,028 256420,7044 70,9344 101,217177 101,325

Venus CO2 0,044 417577,5 1,972590459 9314,356114 9321,9

Mars CO2 0,044 128615,4769 8917,08134 0,634633774 0,636

Conclusión;

In this work we conclude that temperature and pressure in the atmospheres of the solar system, is a consequence of the kinetic movement of all gas molecules in these, and not as a result of the retention or absorption of heat of certain traces of gases in the atmosphere, known as greenhouse gases. At the time if the temperature is a consequence of the movement of the gas molecules, then the increase in temperature is a consequence of the increase in the speeds of the molecules.

Finally, the kinetic energy of the gases not only explains the temperature and pressure variables perfectly, but it is the only science that explains the temperature of the gases, besides the atmosphere is a gas, and temperature is kinetic energy.

Bibliography

1- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Consultado el 15 de octubre de 2010.

A concise description of the greenhouse effect is given in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report, "What is the Greenhouse Effect?" FAQ 1.3 - AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science, IIPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Chapter 1, page

2- Maxwell, J. C. (1867). "On the Dynamical Theory of Gases". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 157: 49

3-http://www.educaplus.org/gases/ley_charles.html

4-https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/internal-energy-sal/a/heat

5-https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/internal-energy-sal/a/heat

6- http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/eqpar.html

7- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equipartition_theorem

8-https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol#cite_note-avogadro-constant-4

9-https://es.calcprofi.com/energia-cinetica-formula-calculadora.html

10-https://culturacientifica.com/2017/09/26/la-ley-del-gas-ideal-partir-del-modelo-cinetico/

11- LEY DE LOS GASES IDEALES - ULPGChttps://www2.ulpgc.es ›

12-https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeta)

13-https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(planeta)

14-https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra

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The temperature originates only from the kinetic energy, from the gas molecules in the atmosphere.

The temperature originates only from the kinetic energy, from the gas molecules in the atmosphere.

Development

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